The
dungeon scene, which ended last week’s Parasha, shifts almost instantaneously
to a palace, and it is there that the present Parasha opens up. A short phrase acts
as a bridge, connecting these two very dissimilar places, yet making it clear
that the events happening in the palace are not entirely removed from the prison
cell and its occupants.
And so we read: “At the full end –
“miketz” - of two years of days” (literal translation)… "Miketz"
signifies here the “full end” (to the very last day) of the two years
following the fulfillment of the dreams interpreted correctly by Yoseph, for
which he was hoping to be rewarded… “Yet
the chief cupbearer did not remember Joseph, but forgot him" (40:23).
"Did not remember, but forgot”, is an emphatic and decisive double
statement that ended last week’s Parashat Va’yeshev and seemed to seal off
Yoseph's fate. Moving on to the next chapter (and Parasha), we find that it
begins where the former left off; that is, with dreams. Moreover, Par’oh’s
dreams could not have come before the period allotted by YHVH for Yoseph’s
prison experience. Thus, the thread connecting the 'dreamer' of this Parasha (Par’oh)
to the interpreter of dreams (himself a renowned dreamer, ref. 37: 5 – 10) in
last week’s Parasha, begins to unravel. Consequently, that which appears to be
the protagonist’s sealed fate takes a sharp and immediate turn, as the
times and events of his life are being directed
from above (see Ps. 31:15a; Prov. 20:24). Thus it is only when the two years
fully expire that change can come about in Yoseph's life circumstances, and as
is so often the case, once change sets in, it gathers momentum (ref. 41:14). We
therefore read in 41:14: “Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought
him quickly out of the dungeon…” (italics added). However, the “dungeon”
mentioned here is “bor” in Hebrew, which is literally a “pit”, the same as the
“pit” into which the brothers had cast Yoseph in 37:24. Thus, the instant
transformation which is about to take place in the life of Yoseph does not
erase the memory of that critical moment which started the saga that has
brought him to his current circumstance.
In
Parashat Miketz we will encounter certain Egyptian names, words, and terms.
Although in most cases they are not directly related to the Hebrew language,
their Hebrew transliterations happen to have clear meanings. Even if these are
mere happenstances or coincidences, they are intriguing!
Let us
begin with the king of Egypt
As
Par'oh continues to endow Yoseph with honor and material wealth, "he had
him ride in his second chariot; and they proclaimed before him: "Bow
the knee" - or “av'rech” (41:43). “Av'rech” contains the
word for "knee", “berech” which, as we have seen before (in Parashat
Lech Lecha, Gen. 12 – 17, particularly in ref. to chapter 12), is also the root
for the verb "to bless". Indeed, Yoseph is a great blessing to the
people of Egypt Egypt
In 41:51, 52, mention is
made of Yoseph's sons, whose names are explained according to their respective
Hebrew meaning. However, these names (also) happen to sound like Egyptian
names, which may have been another reason why Yoseph chose them. Let us begin
with the name of the youngest, Ephraim, meaning, "multiplicity
of fruit" (v. 52). As we can see, the same consonants that
we just noted above: P/F and R, make up this name. Obviously, Yoseph did not
want to stand out as a foreigner in the land of his benefactors, but at the
same time also wished to express his faith in the promise of the multiplication
of the seed that was given to his ancestors. In the blessing and promise to
Ya'acov, in 35:11 (Parashat Va’yishalch), Elohim says: "Be fruitful
and multiply, a nation and a company of nations shall come from you" (italics
added), and likewise in the prayer that Ya'acov prays and blesses Ephraim with,
in Parashat Va’ye’chi (ref. 48:4). Thus "fruit"
("pri", of the root p.r.a, pey, resh, hey), is found in this name. It
will also be in the title with which Ya’acov will bless Yoseph and confer upon
him (again in Parashat Va’yechi) - “ben porat”, that is "son of
fruitfulness" (49:22). Prophetically significant is also the fact that
“Ephraim” contains the consonants, e.f.r (alef, pey/fey, resh), forming the
word “efer” which means "ashes". Interestingly, the prophet Hoshe’ah
(Hosea) describes Yisrael/Ephraim, while in their state of sin, as “smoke from
a chimney” (13:3).
Yoseph
names his firstborn “Mena'she”, because Elohim had caused him to forget
his past (thereby easing his pain of separation from his family, 41:51), since
n.sh.h is the root of a verb which means “to forget”. The “sinew of the
thigh” which is not eaten by the sons of Yisrael because of the maiming
inflicted upon Ya’acov when he fought the “man” at P’niel, is called in Hebrew
“gid ha’nasheh” (ref. Gen. 32:32). Some rabbis and commentators
are of the opinion that this title for the thigh (exclusively connected with
the above-mentioned episode) - “nasheh” - is of the same root as
“forgetfulness”, because it was meant as a ‘remembering device’. That is, by
not partaking of what is symbolically a “sinew of forgetfulness”, the
Israelites were to remember their Elohim, His commandments, and their own identity.
But try hard as the nation may have done, forgetfulness did set in quickly,
resulting in dire consequences. Nevertheless, in our Parasha it is evident that
forgetfulness and remembering are also subject to YHVH’s sovereignty. Thus, the
cupbearer’s forgetfulness (different word in this case than the above n.sh.a.,
this one is sh.ch.ch – shin, chaf, chet), and subsequent remembrance, are used
by YHVH in order to set His plan into motion. Yoseph also makes use of the same verb when
interpreting Par’oh’s dream: “But after
that seven years of famine will arise, and all the plenty will be forgotten
in the land of Egypt
Back
to Menashe… whose name sounds much like "Moshe" (Moses), which in
spite of its Hebrew meaning is most likely also of Egyptian origin, as it was Par’oh’s
daughter who gave it to the foundling. Thus, Yoseph’s sons’ names which
although of significant Hebrew meaning, most likely would not have sounded
strange in their environment.
The book of Hoshe'ah
(Hosea) deals at great length with the northern kingdom of Yisrael 13, in a specific address to
Ephraim, some of the words, or roots, which we have just encountered, are
repeated. "The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up, his sin is stored up"
- "stored up" is “tzfoona” of the same root which is in
Yoseph's Egyptian name “Tzafnat”. In the following verse (13) mention is made of
the "opening of the womb", literally "the breaking [forth] of
the sons", the word being “mishbar” of the root sh.v/b.r (shin,
vet/bet, resh). In our Parasha this word is used for "grain"
and for the verb to "supply food”, that is "breaking"
of hunger or famine, like the breaking of a fast. Yoseph, the one supplying
provender is called “mashbir”. In Psalm 105: 16, 17 we read about
Yoseph and his mission: “Moreover He called for a famine in the land; He
destroyed all the provision of bread. He sent a man before them -- Joseph --
who was sold as a slave.” “He destroyed all provision” is rendered in the
Hebrew by “shavar” (literally, “broke”) of the afore-mentioned root. Amos
deplores those who do not “grieve for the
breaking – or affliction - of Joseph” (6:6), which in Hebrew is
“shever Yoseph”. It seems that ‘shever’ accompanies Yoseph, both the man and
his descendants, in his/their successes and failures. Back to Hoshe’ah... In 14:8 we read: “Ephraim
[doubly fruitful], 'What have I to do anymore with idols?' I have heard
and observed him. I am like a green cypress tree; Your fruit
[“pri”] is found in Me" (italics added).
Last
week we saw that Yoseph made YHVH's name known in his foreign environs. He certainly
continues to do so when standing before the king (41:16, 25). And like Potiphar
before him, Par'oh too acknowledges Yoseph's Elohim: "’Can we find a man
like this, in whom is the spirit of Elohim?’ So Pharaoh said to Joseph, 'Since Elohim
has informed you of all this…'" (41:38, 39).
Par’oh
not only acknowledges Yoseph’s Elohim, he also honors Yoseph by having him ride
his "second chariot" (41: 43), or “mirkevet ha'mish'neh”. “Mish'neh”
is from the root sh.n.h (shin, noon, hey), the primary meaning of which is
"to repeat", "extra", “two” and “second”.
In 43:12 we read that Ya'acov gives his sons “extra” or “double” money to take
with them to Egypt Israel
Part
of Yoseph's advice to Par'oh was to "exact a fifth of the produce… in the
seven years of abundance" (41:34). "Exacting a fifth"
appears here in verb form, “chimesh”. Number five is “cha'mesh”
(ch.m.sh.- chet, mem, shin) in Hebrew, and the verb which stems from it means
"to arm" or "to be armed", such as when “YHVH led the
people around… and the sons of Israel went up in martial array
[“chamushim”=”armed”] from the land of Egypt" (Ex. 13: 18). In the verse
following this one, that is in Sh’mot (Exodus) 13:19, mention is made of Yoseph’s
request to have his bones brought to the Land. Was it the memory of how Yoseph ‘armed’
Egypt
The
figure seven, “sheva”, as pertaining to the two seven-year blocks of time, with
their abundance on the one hand, and the lack thereof on the other, is repeated
time and again in chapter 41. Abundance,
or "plenty" appear here as “sova” (ref. vs. 29 ,30 ,31)
which we have already noted as meaning "fullness" (as in a full
belly), or “satisfaction”, as well as its closeness to the figure seven – sheva. YHVH's precise order within humanity and over
nature, as He makes provision for “sova” in the two periods of “sheva”, is
evident even in the very words themselves.
When
"Ya'acov saw that there was grain [“shever”, referred to above] in Egypt
Yoseph,
on the other hand, sees and recognizes his brothers, although he acts as a
stranger toward them (ref. 42:7). “Va'yitna'ker” – “he made himself
as a stranger” - since “nochri” is “stranger” and “nechar” is a “foreign
land”, with the root being n.ch.r (noon, kaf/chaf, resh). However, it is also
this very root that forms “nikar”, which means "seen" or
"apparent" (the sounds "k" and "ch" are denoted
sometimes by the same letter, in this case the letter kaf/chaf). And thus, “to
know” or “recognize” is “haker”, a verb we encountered twice in last week’s
Parasha. The paradoxical meaning imbedded in this root, which is shared by
words pertaining to recognition and by those which have to do with estrangement,
is made very real in the scene before us. Yoseph’s recognition of his brothers,
on the one hand, and his estrangement from them, on the other, is summed up well
by these two verbs (stemming from the one root) – “va'ya'kirem” - “vayitna'ke”.
Thus, seeming opposites are actually two sides of the same coin! This act of
estrangement was in fact a tool that Yoseph used in order to find out more
about his brothers, as he desired to become re-acquainted with them and their
present disposition. When Ruth was taken by surprise upon Boaz’s kindness
toward her, she exclaimed: “Why have I found favor in your eyes, that you
should recognize/acknowledge me [le’hakireni], since I am a foreigner
[nochriya]?” (Ruth 2:10 italics added). “Recognition” has also been used
extensively (and ironically) in the previous Parasha. When Ya’acov’s sons showed him Yoseph’s bloody
tunic, they said: “haker na – recognize… va’yakira – and he recognized…”
(37:32-33). During Yehudah’s escapade he too was confronted by “haker na –
recognize – whose are these…” referring to the pledge he left with her while
not ‘recognizing’ her as she was pretending to be a ‘stranger’ (ref. 38:25,
15-18). And like his father before him, he too is said to have “recognized…” –
va’yaker (v. 26) the items and (some of) of his past deeds, thus waking up to
the needed correction.
The
brothers return home, yet it is not long before the provisions come to an end.
If they are to go down again to the 'land of plenty', Ya'acov's sons need to
convince their father to send their youngest brother, in accordance with the
demand of the ‘Egyptian ruler’. Yehuda, therefore, pleads with Ya’acov:
"Send the lad with me… I myself
will be surety for him; you may hold me responsible for him. If I do not bring
him back to you and set him before you, then let me bear the blame before you
for ever" (43:8,9). Yehuda is willing to “guarantee” his brother,
or to become an “era'von”. Last week, in Parashat Va’yeshev, we saw
Yehuda as he was learning something about the principle of redemption from his
daughter-in-law. At the time Tamar used a "pledge", also an “era'von”,
in order to force her father-in-law into acknowledging his duty (ref. 38:17,
18). A wiser Yehuda now offers up himself as the pledge or surety, in
the process of qualifying for the position of firstborn-redeemer of the family.
When
in Egypt
But
just before closing, let us examine one more term. When Ya'acov acquiesces and
commits Binyamin to the mercy of his brothers, he makes his sons take an
offering "to the man" (43:11), in spite of the famine and their own
great want. That which is translated as
"best produce of the land" is “zimrat ha'aretz.”
While “ha'aretz” is "the land" or “the earth”, “zimra” stems from the verb “zamor” (z.m.r., zayin, mem,
resh)," to cut off vine branches”,
but in many more instances it is "song" or "music".
According to the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, "the vast
majority of occurrences of this verb and its derivatives focus upon praising
the Lord; The people of Israel
1.The New Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius
Lexicon, Francis Brown Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody , Mass.
2..Ibid
3. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament,
vol. 1, R. Laird Harris ed. Moody Press, Chicago
Hebrew Tools for Everyday
Use
There are several words
which we looked at above that are used in Modern Hebrew, but you will notice
that in some cases the usage is somewhat different. The “second to the king”,
“mishneh”, shares the same root as the noun “year” – “shana”. We also have
“fruit” in our Parasha as well as “plenty” – here designated by “sova” – which
in Modern Hebrew is used mainly for “being satisfied” after eating. Above we
looked at the root sh.v/b.r with its many usages in this Parasha, and in other
texts, namely Psalms and Amos (again in connection to Yoseph). In Modern Hebrew
this verb is used primarily for “to break” and “crisis”. Finally, we noted the
similarity between “estrangement” and “recognition”. Hence we will learn how to
use “recognize” in every day speech.
Enjoy!
This year there was much
fruit and all were satisfied
Ha’sha’nah haya p’ri rav
ve’kulam sav’oo (literally – this year there was fruit much and all were
satisfied)
What broke?
Ma nishbar?
Yoseph recognized his
brothers
Yoseph hekir et echav
The brothers did not
recognize Yoseph
He’achim lo he’kiru et
Yoseph
Above
we paused to look at the term “zimrat ha’aretz” translated “best produce”.
Below is a link to a Biblical park in central Israel
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