Last week's Parashat Cha’yey Sarah ended with the chronicles of Yishma'el's descendants. This week’s portion opens up with the chronicles of his brother, Yitzchak. But while “toldot” means "begetting" (root y.l.d - “to give birth”), these “toldot” start out with the barrenness of Yitzchak’s wife. Rivka’s condition, however, is inserted in an almost parenthetical manner, and is couched between Yitchak's intercession on her behalf and YHVH's response to the plea.
In 25:21 we read that Yitzchak is “entreating” - “vaya'a'tor” (a.t.r. - ayin, tav, resh) – YHVH, and "YHVH was entreated “(vaye'ater) of him" (italics added). The very form of the verbs (“entreat” – “entreated”) - both in the original Hebrew and in the English translation - points to the closeness of the “entreatee” to the “entreater,” and His deep empathy for him.
When the request is granted it takes the form of not one, but two - boys, the first of whom comes out red all over (ref. 25: 25). The word for “red” is “adom,” and as we saw in Parashat B’resheet (Genesis 1-4), “adom” is connected to “dam” (“blood”), “adama” (“earth”), and thence to Adam, "the first man" who is "earthy" (ref.1 Cor. 15:47). Esav, representing the first born illustrates, therefore, the principle that the natural precedes the spiritual (ref 1 Cor. 15:46), despite the fact that his twin turns out to be, for a considerable time period, not much less 'earthy' than ‘Hairy the Red.'
The second boy who emerges out of Rivka's womb does so while holding on to the “heel” – “ah'kev” - of his brother, and is therefore named “Ya'acov” (ref. 25:26). Coming in the footsteps of his sibling, his name, which also means "to follow," perfectly matches the order of the births. In Scripture, the image of ‘heel-holding’ or ‘heel-grabbing’ refers to hindering or trapping someone, as we see in the following examples:
“Dan shall be a serpent... that bites the horse's heels” (Gen. 49:17); “The trap shall take him by the heel” (Job 18:9); “They mark my steps” (literally “heels” in Ps. 56:6). The following words of T’hilim (Psalms) 41:9 hint at Messiah’s destiny: “My own familiar friend, which did eat of my bread, has lifted his heel against me.” This type of friend and follower typically steals quietly behind the one whom he follows, with a “crafty” intent (as indeed was the case with Messiah’s “familiar friend”). Indeed, from the same root of “heel” and “to follow”, (a.k.v. - ayin, kof, vet) stem words like “crafty, cunning and deceptive,” as is illustrated in the alliteration in Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) 9:4: “surely every brother deals craftily (ah'kov ya'akov).”
In the first scene that brings the two siblings together, Ya'acov is busy cooking lentil broth, while his brother happens to be returning, famished and exhausted, from the field. Esav is sorely tempted when his glance strikes what he calls “ha'adom, ha'adom
ha'zeh” - "this red, red stuff… therefore his name was called Edom" (25:30) - again from the root “adom” – “red.” The area of Edom, which later was inhabited by Esav's descendants, is indeed noted for its red soil. Everything about this hunter speaks of adom-adama - earth, earthiness. Whether Ya'acov anticipated his brother's famished condition or not, we do not know. Nevertheless, while in English it says, "Jacob cooked a stew," in Hebrew it says: “va'ya'zed Ya'acov na'zid,” which, aside from cooking stew can also be read as: "Ya'acov devised an evil plot" (25:29). After all, 'cooking up' such a plan was only consistent with his name! The word “nah’zid” - “broth” - stems from the root z.y.d. (zayin, yod, dalet) which is shared by the verb “to cook,” and more specifically, to “boil up and seethe.” This verb also lends itself to “evil-doing” and “malice” – such as “zed” and “zadon” (e.g. Ex. 21:14, where “a man schemes” is “yazed”). All of this seems to be at variance with the earlier description (verse 27) of Yaacov, as an “eesh tam,” literally, “a man of integrity” (although most translations use “peaceful” here), “living in tents” (while Esav’s lifestyle and implied disposition is very different). The inconsistency in the depiction of Yaacov’s character is not surprising in the narrative of this particular Parasha, which is replete with contrasts, masquerades, and pretenses.
Ya’acov does not waste any time. He proposes right away an exchange: broth for birthright (ref. v. 31). And while in English these words form an alliteration, in Hebrew the verb "sell” – “michra,” and "birthright" – “b'chora” sound alike. (Perhaps this association is what gave Ya'acov the idea in the first place…?) Ya'acov, however, does not provide the goods until he makes his brother swear to him that he will not renege on his “sh'vu'ah” (“oath,” connected, as we have learned, to being “full and satisfied,” 33). After the deal is struck the two depart, and until further notice, both seem to be fully satisfied indeed.
Later on, when the time comes for Esav to claim his birthright (that is the right hand blessing of the father before death), startled by his brother’s cunning, he “cried out with an exceedingly great and bitter cry: ... ‘Is not he rightly named, Ya'acov? For he has supplanted (akav) me...?’” (Gen. 27:34, 36). The prophet Hoshe'ah (Hosea), many centuries later, traces the waywardness of the nation of Yisrael (who in this prophecy is called “Ya'acov”) to their progenitor: “In the womb he took his brother by the heel- akav” (Ho. 12:3). In the wake of their birthmark, Ya'acov (the man and the nation) remain true (individually and collectively) to this nature, and will do so until the transformation comes from above.
“In the wake of,” or “as a result of,” or in short “because,” is the Biblical word “ekev “(again deriving from the root a.k.v). In 26:4-5 of our Parasha, YHVH says to Yitzchak: “I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven, and will give your descendants all these lands; and by your descendants all the nations of the earth shall be blessed; because (“ekev”) Abraham obeyed Me and kept My charge, My commandments, My statutes and My laws” (italics added). Following Avraham’s implicit obedience the latter is told: “And in your seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because – ekev - you have obeyed My voice ” (22:18). Other examples of the usage of “ekev” are: “So you shall perish because you would not listen” (Deut. 8:20 italics added). David self-implicating answer to the prophet Nah'tan (Nathan), who challenges him with a parable following his sin with Bat’sheva (Bathsheba), is: “He must make restitution for the lamb, because he did this thing and had no compassion (2nd Sam.12:6, italics added). Thus, this little “ekev” - “because” – becomes the fulcrum on which the balance of justice hangs.
Ya'acov, too, because of (“ekev”) his actions (particularly that of deceiving his father), has to endure the consequences. By the end of the Parasha he becomes a fugitive, running for his life from his brother, and later (in the next Parasha), to be deceived by his father-in-law, Lah'van (Laban). The “heart” of the ‘proverbial’ Ya'acov is well described by Yirmiyahu, who says that it is “more deceitful (akov) than all else” (17:9).
In a few weeks time, in Parashat Vayishlach, we shall see how Ya'acov, while on the road back from Padan Aram to Kna’an (Canaan), will plan once again to use some cunning by walking behind – which again suggests ‘following’ - his entourage that was to go ahead of him to greet Esav. At this point he will be met face to face, as he himself testifies in B’resheet (Genesis) 32:30, by YHVH Elohim. Yisrael, according to the name that will be given to him after this encounter at Penniel, will be made to turn around on his heels as it were (and become lame in the process), never to be the same again. Thus when the “crooked” (“akov”) places become “mishor” – that is “straight” (ref. Is. 40:4) - Ya'acov will become “Yeshurun” (“yashar” - straight” again), true to his name “Yisra’el,” which can also be read, “yashar-el” (“El is upright”). As such, the nation is addressed by their Elohim: “But now listen, O Ya'acov, My servant; and Israel, whom I have chosen; thus says YHVH who made you, and formed you from the womb [as ‘crooked’ Ya'acov], and Who will help you: do not fear, O Ya'acov My servant; and you Yeshurun [who was ‘straightened’ by Elohim] whom I have chosen”(Is. 44:1,2). Lastly, Ya'acov was to become one of the forefathers of Messiah, of Whom it is prophesied that His heel would be “bruised” by the serpent. However, as we know, this “Seed of the woman” was destined to triumph by crushing and trampling down the serpent’s head with His heel (ref. Gen. 3:15; cf. Luke 10:19; Rom. 16:20; Heb.1:13b).
Back to our narrative: Following closely on the heels of the oath that Esav took by his brother’s instigation (25:31-33), YHVH reminds Yitzchak of His oath to Avraham, and at the same time cautions him not to go down to Egypt, in spite of the famine in the land (ref. 26:1-5), saying: “Do not go down into Egypt. Dwell in the land which I shall tell you” (v. 2). The imperative “dwell,” “sh’chan” (sh.ch.n, shin, chaf, noon), is also “settle and abide” and it is from this root that “mishkan,” the “tabernacle” in the wilderness, derives its title. On this very issue, David makes an emphatic statement: “Trust in YHVH, and do good; you shall dwell in the land, and you shall be fed on truth” (Ps. 37:3 italics added). Continuing to address Yitzchak, in the next verse (3), YHVH says to him: “Dwell in this land…” (italics added), but this time the verb used is “gur,” from which is obtained the term “ger” - sojourner. If Yitzchak abides in the land that YHVH tells him, he will live in security, but living in this land (‘this world’) he will only have the status of a sojourner (cf. Heb. 11:9).
At this point in time Yitzchak and Rivka happen to settle in Grar (notice the alliteration of “gur” and “Grar”), and when being asked about his wife the Patriarch does not resort to truth. Like his father before him, fear for his life causes him to present his wife as his sister. But what finds Yitzchak out is his act of (literally) "laughing with his wife" (26:8), translated in English "caressing his wife" (or some other equivalent expression). If nothing else, in this episode Yitzchak remains… at least… true to his name…
It is in this year of drought that we find Yitzchak sowing, against all odds, a “seed” (“zerah,” of the root z.r.a, zayin, resh, ayin, which is also shared by “arm” – “z’ro’ah”), yielding "one hundredfold" (26:12). In verse 4 YHVH spoke to Yitzchak about his progeny (“zerah”), mentioning its great future increase. Is the great harvest that Yitzchak reaps here (during the famine), symbolic of a future fulfillment of YHVH's word to the Patriarch under all and any condition?
Yitzchak's wealth increases tremendously, and his neighbors, the Philistines, are jealous of him (v. 14), and thus Avimelech their king demand, "Go away from us, for you are much mightier than we" (v. 16). “Much mightier” is “atzam’ta,” from the root a.tz.m (ayin, tazdi, mem). The usage and meaning of this term will prove to be very significant during the Egyptian exile (in Sh’mot – Exodus – chapter 1 it is found in verses 7,9 and 20), and will motivate the Pharaoh to try to annihilate Yisrael.
In our case, Yitzchak’s jealous neighbors resort to filling up all the wells that have been dug by Avraham's servants. In doing this they are "withholding benefits from both themselves and their cattle! But in addition to stopping up the wells, they fill them with earth so as to obliterate their existence altogether and make sure that no water would ever flow out of them again. Why did they wish the land to be desolate? ” The explanation that follows, quoted from Haketav Vehakabala, points out that Yitzchak gave the wells the same names that his father had given them (as we see in v. 18). “These names, such as, YHVH Will See, YHVH is My Sign, The Well of Him that Lives and Sees Me, mark the kindness of the Lord." This was done in order "to spread abroad the knowledge of the Lord and show the people that idols were valueless. Avraham thought out a wonderful device to help to bring those who were misled, under the wings of the Divine Presence. He called the well by a name that would drive home the lesson of the existence of the One True God. By this, he would arouse in them an awareness of the truth by saying, ‘Let us go and draw water from the well of the eternal God!’ The wells were a public necessity, and in this manner, the people were initiated into the knowledge of the true God. Whilst he was alive his fear was upon them [i.e. the locals], as they left the wells intact with their names, but after his death they reverted to idolatry. In order to erase from their memory the names of these wells, which recalled the very opposite of their false opinions, they stopped them up. With the disappearance of the wells, the names also disappeared…. Isaac followed in his father's footsteps and endeavored to dig out these same wells and resurrect their names in order to restore the crown of the true faith to its former glory."
The wording in 26:19, where Yitzchak's servants dig "a well of living water" (translated “running water”), confirms what we have just read regarding the wells of the Patriarchs. The locals fill up the wells, and now they are being re-named, as pointed out, in order to erase the testimony of the Elohim of Yisrael. The name of the first well is “Esek,” “contention.” The name of the next, is “Sitna,” “hostility; accusation.” It is from the same root, s.t.n (sin, tet, noon), that we get the word “Satan,” the “accuser.” A closely connected word to “sitna” is “sin'ah” (s.n.a, sin, noon, alef) “hatred.” This verb is used in Yitzchak’s query in 26:27: “Why do you hate me?” A similar word, both in sound and meaning appears toward the end of our Parasha. In 27:41 it says of Esav that he "bore a grudge against Ya'acov," which is “sotem” (s.t.m. sin, tet, mem). The progressive rate of hostility is seen very clearly by this string of sounds: “soten, to accuse; sotem, to bear a grudge, and soneh, to hate,” demonstrating accurately how each of these conditions, if unchecked, will lead to the next one.
When a third well is dug up, some distance away, “they did not quarrel over it; so he named it Rechovot, for he said, 'at last YHVH has made room for us, and we will be fruitful in the land’” (26:22). “Rechovot” is of the root r.ch.v (resh, chet, vet), meaning, "broad, wide, or making room." Thus, enlarging and broadening the subsistence space brings relief, as we see in T’hilim (Psalms) 4:1, where David cries out: "Answer me when I call, O Elohim of my righteousness, You gave room (“hirchav’ta”) to me in trouble – literally in a place of narrowness” (italics added), words with which Yitzchak, in his present situation, would certainly have concurred.
1.Studies in Bereshit, Toldot, Nechama Leibowitz, trans. Aryeh Newman. Eliner Library, Department for Torah Education and Culture in the Diaspora. Hemed Books Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y
2 ibid
3 ibid
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
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