This week’s Parashat* Chu'kat
(“statute of…”), not unlike many of the other Parashot, deals with
several issues, some of which are unrelated or appear to be so. Moreover, a
number of these topics are clouded over with an air of mystery, or at least
with insufficient information, leaving us wondering as to their full meaning.
Nechama Leibowitz lists for us some of the queries which are raised by our Parasha:
1)
Chapter 19: “The chapter
on the red heifer… is one of the most mystifying in the Torah… [which] even the
wisdom of the wisest of men failed to fathom.”
2)
Chapter 20:7-13: “What
was Moses’ sin for which he was so severely punished?”
3)
Chapter 20:14-21: “What
was the point of referring to all their [Israel ’s]
travail [when approaching Edom
4)
Chapter 21:1-3: “What
made the King of Arad attack the Israelites? Especially with view to the assertion made in the Song of the Red Sea
that all the nations of the world were terror-struck by the Divine miracles and
dared not interfere with Israel (Ex. 15:14-15)?”
5)
Chapter 21:4-9: “The
serpents’ description as “firey,” which in
Hebrew is seraphim
[s’rafim], is curious in itself, but more so is this method given to Moses to
heal the victims [which] is somewhat strange” and “has puzzled many
commentators…” 1
Although we shall not
attempt to solve these puzzles, word investigations may help us to connect some
of the ideas and discover a possible internal logic within Parashat Chu’kat.
The red heifer,
described as being "without blemish (“t’mee’ma”), in which
there is no defect and on which a yoke has never come”, is “para – cow –
aduma - red” (19:2). As far back as Parashat B’resheet (Genesis 1-6:8)
we noted that “man” – “a’dam” – is ‘rooted’ in “adama”, “earth”, and that “dam”
is “blood”, hence the color “red” (“adom”). Thus, the animal used in the
purification process, whose blood was to be sprinkled (ref. 19:4) was ‘earthy’,
but was also without blemish or defect, recalling the humanity of Messiah (who
“was in all points tempted as we are”, Heb. 4:15), as well as His perfection
(“a lamb without blemish and without spot”, 1Pet. 1:19). Messiah is also the
One who turns our scarlet sins, making them as white as snow and wool.
Though the sins are red [“ya’adimu”, again, root of “dam” – “blood” and “adam”
– “man”] like crimson (shani), they shall be [as pure and white] as wool” (ref.
Is. 1:18). The purification mixture, at hand, was made of the ashes of the red
heifer, cedar wood and the “scarlet [shani] of a [special] worm (tolah)”,
referring to the same scarlet (of the sins) mentioned above (in both
cases literal translation). It was this mixture that was made available to the
impure for “cleansing” or “purification”. Notably, the verb used is “yit’cha’teh”
(“shall cleanse himself”, 19:12ff). The root letters of this particular
word for “purification” is ch.t.a (chet, tet, alef), which actually spells “sin”
(as we have already seen a number of times, e.g. Ex. 29:36; Lev. 14:49 etc.).
In previous Parashot we
noted that the remedy, or cure for "missing the mark" (i.e. sinning)
is already being taken into account in sin’s very definition (as we just observed
above). This principle takes us to another topic of examination contained in
the Parasha - the bronze serpent: “And it shall be that everyone who is bitten,
when he looks at it, shall live" (21:8). Once again, the very cause of the
malady (the serpents) also becomes, symbolically, its cure. Additionally, the
rendering of the serpents as “srafim” (meaning “fiery or burning,”
of the root s.r.f – shin, resh, pey/fey) forms another link to the red heifer
(whose carcass was to be burnt), as the identical root for “burning” is
employed several times in the course of the red heifer passage.
At the very onset of the
narrative, which leads up to Moshe smiting the rock, the congregation gathers
around him and Aha’ron, striving with them (ref. 20:2,3). “Striving” is
“meriva” (y.r.b/v, yod, resh, bet/vet), and as it says concerning the Waters of Meriva in Parashat B’shalach (in Ex.
17:7), here too we read: “This is the water of Merivah, because the children of
Israel
Moshe’s “rod” is
called “ma’teh”, which aside from being rooted in the verb to “stretch
out”, also means to “incline, turn or turn away”. It was the rod, symbolic of Moshe and
Aha’ron’s authority, which the people followed, while the two leaders had the
power to turn their subordinates either toward YHVH, or away from Him.
The next part of the
chapter presents Moshe’s surprising approach
to the Edomites (20:14-21), whose compassion he appears to be seeking, with a
promise that the procession of Israelites will not trespass or trample down
their land, nor use anything of theirs along the road. Calling them Yisrael’s
brothers, Moshe’s messengers to the king of Edom said, among other things: “We
will not turn aside (“nita”, once again of the root n.t.h, connected to
the “rod” – mateh - that we just looked at) to the right hand or to the left”
(v. 17). And when “Edom refused to give Israel
passage through his territory, Israel
The attempt to appease
the Edomites (in approaching their king Moshe says: “thus says your brother
Israel Egypt
Following
Aha’ron’s death on Mount Hor, the Canaanite King of Arad, upon hearing of
Yisrael’s approach, fights them and takes some of them captive (21:1). As was
already pointed out, the fact that he dared to do so is rather curious.
However, the citing, in that connection, of the “road to Atarim” led Nahmanides
to attach the sad spy episode to the present adversity, as “Atarim” may share
the root “tour” – to “survey” - which we looked at in Parashat Sh’lach Lecha
(Numbers 13-15). “What connection then was there between the incident of the
spies and this attack on the children of Israel Israel
We now return to the snakes’ story. As we know, the
people of Yisrael had complained once more, this time resulting in YHVH sending
them these fiery serpents which bit them, causing the death of many (ref.
21:5,6). Nechama Leibowitz points out that the verb “sent” - (va)y’sha’lach
- being in the “pi’el” conjugation and not in the more common “kal”
[“sha’lach”], connotes a “letting go” or “releasing” of
the serpents, whereas up until that time they (the serpents) were held back by YHVH,
who did not permit them to harm His people.3 The serpents’ title points to
their characteristic of “burning” or of being “firey” (“saraf”),
although the actual word for serpent is “nachash” and therefore the bronze
object made by Moshe was called “nachash” – serpent - ha’nchoshet”
(of the) brass. The play on words and alliteration continue in 21:9: “If a
serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived”. “A
serpent had bitten” is “nashach ha’nachash” (even though there no etymological
connection between these two words). This unusual ‘formula’ of looking at the
brass serpent and being cured, is interpreted for us by Yeshua: “And as Moses
lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted
up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life” (John
3: 14, 15). The healing is found in lifting up one’s eyes to the Creator, while
the object (which has no power in and of itself) may serve as a reminder of
one’s sin and disbelief on one hand, and of YHVH’s power and grace on the
other.
In 21:17-18 we read the following: “Then Israel 4 A
“m’chokek” is a prince, ruler or lawgiver, but it is also another word used for
a ruler’s staff (see Gen. 49:10). “M’chokek” originates with the root
ch.k.k (chet, kof, kof) and means to “inscribe or engrave” (see
Parashat Yitro, Ex. 18 – 21, where we examined this root more extensively, e.g.
18:20), and is thus employed in the word “statute” – “chok” or “chukka”,
such as we see in the title of our Parasha (“chu’kat” – the “statute of”). The content
of this song, describing a source of water that has been dug by a ruler’s
staff of the law, is set against the previous scene where water should
have gushed freely from a rock by the mere utterance of the word
and not by the effort of “digging” by the “staff of law”. Thus Moshe’s (mis)usage
of the staff in order to bring forth water may be the cause for the proverbial
staff of the law having to be wielded and for the sweat of the brow to be
exerted in order to dig a well and obtain water by human effort. This takes us
back to the beginning of the Parasha, where “statute/rule (chok)
of the Torah” concerning the red heifer is presented for “purification from sin”,
reinforcing the idea that “rules/laws/statutes” have to be wielded and
implemented because of rebellion (sin)
against the ‘Water (of the Spirit)’ flowing from the ‘Rock’ at the sound of the
‘Word’.
The encounter with the Amorites, after bypassing
Moav, resulted in a military victory and the possession of their cities. One of those cities was their capital, Cheshbon
(Heshbon). This conquest engendered a
statement by the “those who use proverbs … ‘Come to Cheshbon…’” (21:27). “Those
who make use of proverbs” is “moshlim” – also meaning rulers -
while “cheshbon” is rooted in ch.sh.v (chet, shin, b/vet), which means “important,
to think, ponder, calculate”. Thus, the combination of proverb and rule,
as well as ponder and calculate led the commentators of the past
to view the above quote as a statement relating to the rule (control)
one should have over one’s natural inclinations (“flesh”) by self-examination
(pondering and evaluating). In the past
we have examined the connection between “proverb” and “rule” in Parashat
Cha’yey Sarah (in Genesis 24:2).
The Parasha ends with
another spy episode. Before the Israelites ventured out to conquer the
Amorites, it says in 21:32: “Then Moses sent to spy out Jazer…” The word there
for “spy out” is different than the one we encountered previously, this
time it is “ra’gel,” of the root r.g.l, meaning “foot or leg”
(“regel”), a term also used for the spies who were later sent by Yehoshua
(Joshua) to explore Yericho (ref. Joshua 2:1). It seems that these spies
(“footmen”) were not to “tour” – survey – the land, but rather walk to their
designated destination, one step at
a time (one foot in front of the other :).
See article below
* “Parashat” = “Parasha of…”
1.
Nechama Leibowitz,
Studies in Bamidbar, Eliner Library, Dept.
of Torah Education and Culture in the
Diaspora, Joint Authority
for Jewish Zionist Education, Jerusalem
2. ibid
3. ibid
4. Da’at Mikra, A’haron Mirski, Rav Kook
Inst., Jerusalem
The following article, which is now a chapter in our book
Creation Revisited, deals with some of the Parasha’s themes.
The book may be downloaded from our site www.israeliteretun.com
Chapter
4 of the Gospel of John commences with a description of Yeshua traveling north,
from Judea to Samaria
Yeshua
proceeded to ask her for a drink. That a Jew would stoop to talk to a
Samaritan, a female, and then even make His need known to her startled the
woman. She therefore reminded Him that Jews did not have any dealings with the
Samaritans (who were considered a mongrel race and hence inferior). But yet she
continued, noting that the well was very deep.
The
woman’s answer to this Jewish Man’s request for a drink was met by the
following words: "If you knew the gift [in Hebrew – “mattanah”]
of Elohim, and who it is who says to you, 'give Me a drink,' you would have
asked Him, and He would have given you living water” (John 4:10). Her
reply, however, disclosed that she did not have a clue as to the meaning of
what He was saying: “Sir, You have nothing to draw with, and the well is
deep” (John 4:11a). The woman could only relate to what she knew and
understood about wells and water, and continued to miss the point even after
Yeshua promised: “Whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him
will never thirst” (John 4:14a). “Sir,” she retorted,
“give me this water, that I may not thirst, nor come here to draw” (John
4:15). According to her way of reasoning, Yeshua would somehow draw
water for her from Jacob’s well or perhaps even generate it from some magical
source, so that she would never thirst again, nor have the burden of drawing
water every day. Still puzzled, the woman felt that Yeshua had not answered her
former query (see John 4:11b).
The
Samaritan woman’s unawareness as to the
“living water” and its spiritual source, may serve as an illustration for those
who have been habitually drawing water from the world’s resources. For
example, when the Israelites were traveling through the wilderness, just east
of the Land, circumventing the Moabites and Amorites, Moses promised that YHVH
would supply them with water. So when they arrived at a place called Be’er
(meaning “well”) they broke out in a song: “’…Spring up, O well!
All of you sing to it -- The well the leaders sank, dug by the nation's
nobles, by the lawgivers, with their staves.’ And then they [Israel
Notice
that after they left the well, which the leaders, nobles, and lawgivers
[“me’cho’kekim,” literally meaning “those who engrave or dig in”] had dug with
their staves, they went to Mattanah - “gift”. To the woman’s declarations
that the well was deep and that it was dug by “her father Jacob” Yeshua
responded: “If you knew the “gift” [mattanah] of Elohim, you would
have asked Him and He would have given you living water” (John 4:10).
Just
like then, so today, many teachers, philosophers, scholars, and lawgivers are
digging wells for us, some of which are very deep, from the world’s education
system, making it necessary to use (the proverbial) ropes and buckets in
order to draw up the ‘water’ (just the work itself makes one thirsty).
However, we find that those wells of water often leave us ‘high and dry’ and
thus thirsting for more. And when the ‘wells’ start drying up we, like the
Israelites in the desert, are told to sing to the “well”, so that the “diggers”
can dig even deeper (until the ropes and the work used for drawing the water
all fail). Then, after being exhausted and parched, we sometimes go looking for
another such well. Or - do we let go and make our way to the ‘Mattanah’ that
Elohim has provided, and drink of the living water of which Yeshua spoke?
Let
us also ask: “From which source does Yeshua get living water?” We may
find the answer in a statement that He made to His disciples "You are
from below, I am from above; you are of this world, I am not of this world”
(John 8:23). Is Yeshua referring here to Genesis 1:7? “Thus
Elohim made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under
the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and
it was so” (emphases added).
Then,
again, on the last day of the feast of Succot, Yeshua repeated what He had said
to the Samaritan woman: “…If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and
drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture has said, out of his belly
will flow rivers of living water” (John 7:37b-38). Obviously
He was not referring to natural waters, but to the “waters above” that is, the
Spirit of Elohim. “But this He spoke concerning the Spirit, whom those
believing in Him would receive; for the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because
Yeshua was not yet glorified” (John 7:39). Hence the Holy
Spirit of Elohim is the living water.
Hebrew Tools for
Everyday Use
Let us make use of “fire”,
“strife”, “send”, “important” and “think”, all of which we encountered above.
Strife (or argument) is
like fire
Riv hu k’mo srefa
What shall I send you?
Ma lishlo’a’ch le’cha?
(addressing a male) (literally, what to send to you?)
Ma lishlo’a’ch lach?
(addressing, a female)
It is important to think
La’ch’shov ze cha’shuv
(literally, to think is important)
